RUHS BSc Nursing APPLIED SOCIOLOGY & APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY I Semester Supp Examination June

RUHS BSc Nursing APPLIED SOCIOLOGY & APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY I Semester Supp Examination June - 2024

B.Sc. Nursing-I Semester (Supp.) Examination June - 2024

5002

APPLIED SOCIOLOGY & APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

Instructions to the candidates:

Do not write anything on question paper except Roll Number, otherwise it shall be deemed as an act of indulging in unfair means and action shall be taken as per rules.
Use separate answer book for each section.

Duration: 3 Hours Total Marks: 75

Section-A (Applied Sociology)

1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one): 1 x 10 = 10

A. What is socialization and explain process of socialization with example. List down the agencies of socialization.

B. What is social change? Describe the process and role of nurse in bringing social change. Discuss with an example of of any social problem.

2. Short notes (Attempt any three): 3x5=15

Forms of Marriage.
Positive and negative impact of caste in society.
Modernization and its impact on health and disease
Social mobility

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three). 3x2=6

Define social disorganization.
Characteristic of social group.
Elements of culture.
Social norms.

4. Answer the following MCQ: 6x1=6

1) Factor that define process of socialization:

Initiation
Suggestion
Identification
All of the above

ii) Which of the following is vehicle of culture?

Technology
Man
Society
Language

iii) Horizontal social mobility can be discussed as:

Upward mobility
Downward mobility
Parallel mobility
International mobility

iv) Who is father of sociology?

K Marx
E Durkheim
A Comte
Fair child

v) Poverty is a kind of:

Social problem
Religious problem
Economic problem
Political problem

vi) What is defined as a network of social relationships?

Society
Social process
Social structure
Organization

Section-B (Appiled Psychology)

1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one): 1x10=10

Define Intelligence. Describe the classification of intelligence with appropriate example
Define defense mechanisms. Explain different types of defence mechanisms with suitable example.

2. Short notes (Attempt any three): 3x5=15

Body mind relationship.
Classical conditioning.
Methods to improve memory,
Significance of psychology in nursing.

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three) 3x2=6

Define attitude.
Types of stress.
Interpersonal skills.
Types of soft skills.
Types of attention

4. Answer the following MCQ: 7×1=7

1. ........................is the process of mind to get an experience in our environment:

a) Cognition

c) Distraction

b) Attention

d) Perception

2. ............................Is a false perception:

Distraction
Hallucinacon
Illusion
None of the above

3. Which of the following is not an internal motivation force:

Goal
Needs
Attitude
Feedback

4. Information related to riding a bicycle or any school time memory is referred as:

Short term memory
Long term memory
Sensory memory
Motor memory

5. Unconscious process of forgetting is:

Regression
Submission
Repression
Projection

6. IQ level below........................... is considered as mental retardation:

7. A process by which we dscribe to external world the rejected Impulse of 'id':

Identification
Projection
Rationalization
Sublimation

Section-A (Applied Sociology)

1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one): 1 x 10 = 10

A. What is socialization and explain process of socialization with example. List down the agencies of socialization.

Ans-

Socialization is a process with the help of which a living organism is changed into a social being. It is a continuous process in the life of an individual and it continues from generation to generation. Socialization stands for the development of the human brain, body, attitude, behavior, and so forth. Socialization is known as the process of inducting the individual into the social world.
Socialization is the way through which society transmits its culture from generation to generation and maintains itself. From the individual point of view, socialization is the process by which the individual learns social behavior.

Definitions of Socialization

Socialization is the process whereby one internalizes the norms of his groups, so that a distinct self emerges uniquely to this individual.-Horton and Hunt
Bogardus define “Socialization as the process of working together, of developing group responsibility, of being guided by welfare needs of others”
Socialization is the process by which the child acquires a cultural content, along with selfhood and personality.-Green
Socialization consists of the complex processes of interaction through which the individual learns the habits, skills, beliefs, and standard of judgment that are necessary for his effective participation in social groups and communities. -Lundberg

Process of Socialization

Socialization is the process of learning group norms, ideals, habits, behaviours and customs.
The process of Socialization starts long before the child is born.
The parents courtship, marital selection, the customs concerning pregnancy and birth.
Whole system of cultural practices surrounding the family are important for the child’s growth.
But direct socialization begins only after birth.

Factors for the Process of socialization

Four factors are determine it

Suggestion
Imitation
Identification
Language

1. Suggestion-

Suggestion is the process of communicating information which has no logical or self- evident basis.
It may conveyed through language, pictures or some similar medium.
Propaganda and advertising are based on the fundamental psychological principles of Suggestion.

2. Imitation-

Imitation is copying by an individual of the actions of another.
Thus, when the child attempts to walk impressively like his father swinging a stick and wearing spectacles, he is imitating.
Imitation may be conscious or unconscious, spontaneous or deliberate.

3. Identification-

The child cannot make any distinction between his organism and environment.
Most of his actions are random.
As he grows in age, he/she comes to know of the nature of things which satisfy his/her needs.
He/she gradually indentified what he/she need for happy in his/her life.

4.Language-

Language is the medium of social intercourse.
It is the means of cultural transmission.
At first the child utters some random syllables which have no meaning, but gradually he come to learn his mother- tongue.
Language moulds the personality of the individual form infancy.

Agencies of socialization

People or groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, and attitudes, and behavior.

1. Family-

The family is the most important agent of socialization. our parents, or those who play the parent role, are responsible for teaching us to function and care for ourselves.

2.School

Official purpose of school is to transfer subject knowledge and teach life skills. we also learn social skills through our interactions with teaches, staff, and other students.

3. Peer Group -

Offers the opportunity to discuss interests and topics not done with adults. people are influenced by peer group that they would like to join, a process called anticipatory socialization.

4.Mass Media-

Includes television, internet, radio, movies, books, and magazines, etc. this is another agent that are parents are understandably concerned about.

5. Religion-

Religion plays major role in socialization of most people. religion especially influences morality but also ideas about dress, speech, and manners that are appropriate.

6. Work Place-

Adults at some point invest a significant amount of time at a place of employment

7. Neighborhood-

Neighborhood can be said to be a local social unit, where there is constant interaction among people living near each other or people of the same locality.

8. Occupation-

In the occupational world, the individual finds himself with new shared interests and goals. He makes adjustments with the position he holds and also learns to make adjustment with other workers who may occupy equal or higher or lower position.

9. Political parties-

Political parties try to win the support of the members of the society on the basis of a socio-economic policy and program.

Q.1 . 2 What is social change? Describe the process and role of nurse in bringing social change. Discuss with an example of of any social problem

Social Change

The term social change is defined as the changes that take place in human interactions and interrelations.

Society is made-up of social relationships and hence social change means change in the system of social relationships Change is Unchanged – Karl Marx
Social change refers to any modification in established pattern of human relationships and standard of conduct.-Lundberg
Morris Ginsberg, “By social change, I understand a change in social structure, e.g., the size of the society, the composition or the balance of its parts or the type of its organization”.
Gillin and Gillin, “Social changes are variations from the accepted modes of life; whether due to alternation in geographical conditions, in cultural equipment, composition of the population or ideologies and brought about by diffusion, or inventions within the group.

Stage of Social Change

The term ‘evolution’implies a more intrinsic change not only in size butalso in structure. It is a process of growth, increasing complexity anddifferentiation of structure and functions of society. It is an expression ofcontinuity indicating a certain direction of change. It is unilinear indirection, i.e., from simple to complex structure and from small to largewhereas change may have many directions
Progress refers not so much to social change as to the direction whichhuman beings deliberately give to that change. In other words, it is achange in certain direction, always towards some desired goal. Progressis usually determined in terms of material advancement, individualenhancement, greater control over human conditions of life, humanhappiness, order and harmony at societal level.
Development refers to a strategy of planned social change in a directionthat is considered desirable by the members of a society. It is contextualand relative in nature. Development is a composite concept as it includesprogress in various other fields like trade, agriculture, industry, health,education and so on. Thus, development is a value loaded concept thattakes into account the socio-cultural and economic needs of a given society, region and people.
Revolution is a form of sudden and abrupt overthrow of the existingsocial order and system. It basically aims at liberating people from anoppressive system. It removes the prime cause of discontentment andthus puts an end to their social, cultural, political and economicsuffering.

Patterns of Social Change

Linear change pattern-This type of change shows a straight line of progression from one stage to another in a linear fashion. Society gradually moves to higher sate of civilization, thus it advances in a linear fashion. For example, growth of development of communication followed a linear pattern from landline to cordless and to mobiles
Cyclical change-Repeat set of activities that follow a cyclical pattern like rhythms of nature, day and night etc. Similarly society also has predetermined cycle. After going through all the stages, it returns to the original stage and fresh cycle begins again.
Fluctuating changes-When the order of change turns in the opposite direction after leading towards progress, it is called fluctuating pattern of changes. In other words the tendency of change in this phase is not consistent, but seems to move up and down depending upon favorable or unfavorable circ*mstances as seen in case of agriculture. Advancement in the field of agriculture gets retarded, if there is insufficient monsoon in one season and increases in case of normal monsoon in next season.

Role of Nures

Being a change agent is a major function for nurses. Nurses comprise the largest sector of the health care workforce all over the world. Nurses can play a critical role in shaping the social change in the future. Nurses' main responsibility is to accomplish health goals that cannot be achieved without introducing change into people's lives. Therefore it becomes imperative for nurses to understand the nature of change, how people respond to it and how to effect change for improved health of the society.

Role of nurse as a change agent are as follow.

Nurses act as advocates for health promotion, educate the public on prevention of illness and injury, and provide care and support that changes the lives of the people.
Nurses help families to learn to become healthy by understanding the emotional, physical, mental, and cultural experiences they encounter during health and illness.
Nurses help people and their families to cope with the illness, deal with it and live with it, so that other parts of their lives continue.
Nurses do more than the care of the individual as they are always at the fore front of change in health care of the society.
Nurses provide ongoing assessment of people's health round-the-clock by using their observatory skills and help to save the lives of many people.
Promoting a community's self-determination in choosing a safer environment requires that the individuals involved must change.
Nurses help in changing the customs and rituals that can affect the health of the people.
Nurses study the social problems and can suggest the remedial measures to overcome such problems.
By knowing how society works and its impact on health, nurses can become a powerful force for social changes.
Nurses work as an advocates for the rights of their clients and bring changes in their social lives.
Nurses not only understand the behavior, conflict, personal relationships, hierarchy, and groups but also help the people to understand adaptation and coping strategies to deal with the stressful situation and bring the major changes in the lives of people.

Social Problem

Crime

Definition- Tappan has defined crime as “an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law committed without defense or justification”. Thorsten Sellin has described it as “violation of conduct norms of the normative groups” Mowrer had defined it as “an antisocial act”.
Characteristics of Crime

Hall Jerome (1947), according to him, no action is to be viewed as crime unless it has five characteristics

It is legally forbidden
It is intentional
It is harmful to society
It has criminal objective
Some penalty is prescribed for it.

Prevention and control

Law
Punishment
Awareness
Education
Basic needs
Security
Research and planning

2. Short notes (Attempt any three): 3x5=15

Forms of Marriage.

Introduction

Marriage is an institution which admits men and women to family life.
It is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted to have children implying the right to sexual relations.
Marriage is a ritual enjoined the husband to regard his wife as a god-given gift.

Definitions of Family

The family is the basic primary group and the natural matrix of personality.-Mack and Young
Family is a group defined by a sex relationship, sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children. -Maclver and Page
Family is a group of persons whose relations to one another are based upon consanguinity and who are, therefore, kin to one another.-K. Davis

Forms of Marriage

Types of Marriages in India

A. On the basis of number of mates

Monogamy
Polygamy (Polyandry & Polygyny)
Group marriage

B. On the basis of rules of mate selection

Endogamous marriages
Exogamous marriages

C. On the Basis of marriages among kinship

Cross-cousin marriage
Parallel Cousin marriage
Levirate
Sororate

D. On the basis upon higher or lower caste

Hypergamy (Anuloma)
Hypogamy (Pratiloma)

E. Marriages based upon personal or social sanctions

Lovemarriages
arrange marriages

F. On basis of religion

Hindu
Muslim
Sikh
Christian
Parsi
Buddhi
Jaini
court marriages
mixed marriages

Types of Marriages in India

A. On the basis of number of mates

a. Monogamy-Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one man marries the woman. It is most common form of the marriage found among in the societies around the world. Monogamy is universally practiced providing marital opportunity and satisfaction to all the individuals. It promotes love and affection between husband and wife.

Advantages of monogamy

It is suitable for all societies and for all levels of people.
It provides better sex satisfaction to both husband and wife.
It promotes better understanding between the spouses.
It minimizes jealousy, hatred and quarrels in the family.
It upholds gender equality and provides equal status to men and women.
It provides stable sex-life and stable family life.
Children are taken proper care by parents.
It facilitates easy rules of inheritance and succession

Disadvantages of monogamy

There is some times increase in sex-promiscuity and thereby extra-marital sex relations are also increased.
There is an increase in sex crimes due to unavailability of sex relations.

b. Polygamy (Polyandry & Polygyny)

Polygamy is a type of marriage in which there is plurality of partners. It allows a man to marry more than one woman or a woman to marry more than one man at a time. Polygamy is of two types such as

1. Polygyny-Polygyny is a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at a given time. Polygyny is more More popular than polyandry but not as universal as monogamy. It was a common practice in ancient civilizations.

2. Polyandry-Polyandry is the marriage of one woman with several men. It is practiced camong the Marquesan Islanders of Polynesia, The Bahama of Africa and tribes of Samoa. two types-

Fraternal polyandry-When several bro- thers share the same wife, the practice is called fraternal polyandry.
Non-fraternal polyandry-In this type of marriage, the husbands are not brothers. The wife goes to spend some time with each husband.

c. Group marriage-Group marriage means the marriage of two or more women with two or more men. Here the husbands are common husbands and wives are common wives. Children are regarded as the children of the entire group as a whole.

B. On the basis of rules of Marriage

1. Endogamy or Endogamous Marriage-Endogamy is rule of marriage that prescribes that the mate selection should be from within the group. Marriages with out-group members are prohibited. The group can be caste, sub caste, race, class, or tribe

2. Exogamy or Exogamous Marriages

Marriage outside one's own group is called exogamy. Exogamy is a rule of marriage which prohibits marriage within one's group. Most societies prohibit marriages between individuals related by blood or direct and indirect consanguine kin.

C. On the Basis of marriages among kinship-Some societies put several restrictions on marriage among kins, whereas some other societies allow marriage between a limited numbers of kins. Hence in those societies marriage is sanctioned on the basis of preference.

Cross-cousin marriage-When marriage takes place between children of maternal (mother's brother's son/daughter) and paternal (father's sister's son/daughter) side relatives it is called as cross cousin marriage. This type of marriage supposed to be practiced in some part of Orissa, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra etc.
Parallel Cousin marriage-When marriage takes place between the children of either two sisters or two brothers it is known as parallel cousin marriage. This type of marriage is common in many parts of the world.
Levirate-It is otherwise known as Devar Vivaha. When a woman marries her hus- band's brother after the death of her husband it is known as levirate. This type of marriage is found among some tribes like the Gond, the Munda, the Santal, the oran, and the Toda, etc.
Sororate-It is otherwise known as Sali Vivah. When a man marries his wife's sister after the death of his wife or even when the wife is alive, it is called as sororate. This type of marriage is found among some tribes like the Kharia and the Gond.

D. On the basis upon higher or lower caste

Hypergamy (Anuloma)-When a man of higher caste or varna marries a woman of lower caste or varna, it is called as Anuloma or Hypergamy marriage.
Hypogamy (Pratiloma)-Pratiloma or hypogamy marriage is just opposite of Anuloma or Hypergamy. When a man of lower caste or status marries a woman of higher caste or status it is known as pratiloma or hypogamy marriage.

E. Marriages based upon personal or social sanctions

Lovemarriages-Love marriage is one which is driven solely by the couple with or without consent of the parents.
Arrange marriages-It is a type of marital union, where the bride and groom are primarily selected by the individuals other than the couple themselves particularly by family members especially parents or by some professional matchmaker.

F. On basis of religion

Hindu-The Hindu marriage ceremony follows the Vedic rituals and the three main rituals of Kanyadaan, Panigrahana and Saptapadi are followed. The first means giving away of the bride by the father, second means joining hands of the bride and the groom in front of the fire and third is making seven rounds around the fire.
Muslim-A Muslim marriage comes under the purview of Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937. Islamic traditions are followed in a Muslim marriage in India. The wedding ceremony called the Nikah is solemnized by the Maulavi.
Sikh-Earlier Sikh marriages were registered under the Hindu Marriage Act but now these are registered under the Punjab Sikh Anand Karaj Marriage Act 2012. The Sikh wedding ceremony is simple. It takes place at the Gurudwara.
Christian-Under the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872, Christian marriages are performed by a minister or a priest in a church.
Parsi-Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act of 1936 is the law, under which Parsi marriages are solemnized and registered. Some of the ceremonies followed in a Parsi marriage are exchange of silver coins between the families of the bride and the groom.
Buddhi-Among the types of marriages in India a Buddhist marriage is probably the simplest one. A Buddhist marriage is registered under the Special Marriage Act, 1954.
Jaini-Jain can also either register their marriage through the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 or through the Special Marriage Act 1954. Jain marriages have many rituals that are similar to Hindu marriages.
Court marriages-Intercaste and interfaith marriages are a reality of India. Many people who want to avoid the religious rituals option for court marriage under the Special Marriage Act 1954. The registrar is given a 30 day notice with residential and birth details of the bride and groom
Mixed marriages-In case of interfaith marriages many brides and grooms follow the rituals of both faiths to solemnize the marriage. These marriages come under the Special Marriage Act 1954. Like it is common to see a church wedding taking place in the morning followed by havan in the evening.

Q.2. 2 Positive and negative impact of caste in society.

India has its own form of racism. It is referred as to Casteism. India's caste system was based as socio-economic factors or ideological factors. The caste system has exercised a profound influence on the economic activities of the people of India.

Positive impacts of the Caste System are as follows-

Fixed Social Status in Society-Caste accords the individual a fixed status in the society. An individual automatically enjoys the status of the caste into which he is born.
Socialization-Caste plays a crucial role in the process of socialization by teaching individuals the culture and traditions, values, and norms of their particular society.
Fixed Occupation-The caste system has promoted contentment and the stability of Indian society. The birth of a man fixes his career for him, and thus, he has not to worry about the choice of an occupation.
Social Security-The caste system provides social security to the individual. The caste system provides the individual with a permanent body of associations that exercise a healthy control over his behavior. It is the individual's caste that controls his choice in marriage and acts as his trade union.
Transmission of Culture-Through the caste system, the skill, knowledge, behavior, customs, beliefs, and faiths of the society are transmitted from one generation to another.
Controls Individual's Behavior-The caste system guides the individual in his day- to-day activities. Each caste has its own behavior patterns to be followed by all its members in all important matters like dress, diet, ceremonial observances, rituals at birth, during marriage and death, etc.
Maintains Racial and Rituals Purity-The caste system has maintained the racial purity of the higher caste by forbidding indiscriminate inter-marriages. It has also remarkably promoted the habits of cleanliness by insisting on purity in rituals.
Religious Security-Caste exercises a profound influence on the religious lives of the people. Performance of all rights and rituals, worshiping of different kinds of gods and goddesses, and celebrations of different religious festivals are determined by the caste system.
Preservation of Hereditary Skill-It preserves the advantages of hereditary skill. The son in early life picks up the trade of his father and becomes skilled.
Stabilizes the Society-The caste system acts both as a political stabilizer and a social stabilizer. It has served as the constitution of the Hindu society. It has proved to be a great social stabilizer by enabling the particular religion to save them from being carried away by the current of social upheavals.
Helps in the Division of Labor-The caste system acts as a unique system of division of labor in the society. It has divided the society according to their job or nature of work.
Provides Socio-economic Interdependence-The caste system also offers a base for the socio- economic interdependence among the families of various castes living in a village.
The Base of Indian Politics-Caste plays an important role in the Indian political system. Elections from Panchayats to Parliament are fought on caste considerations. Politicians and ministers need the help and support of the village leaders of different castes to win the election.
Base for Marriage-Another important function of caste is to choose a life partner. Since caste is an endogamous group, life mate is to be chosen from within the caste only. Caste rules govern the selection of a mate.
Act as an Important Social Institution-The caste Panchayats with their regulations have secured subordination of the individual to an organized body. Therefore, the caste system has proved itself to be a very useful social institution.

Negative Impacts of the Caste System

Though the caste system initially performed its positive functions well, in course of time it became degenerated and instead of doing social good, it caused a great harm to the society. Some ill effects of the caste system in India are as follows-

Hindrance in the National Unity-The caste system developed a parochial feeling and made the people unduly conscious of their own castes. Many a time caste interests were given priority over national interest. Thus, the whole system stood against the very concept of national unity.
The Exploitation of the Basic Rights of People-In the caste system, the lower castes were suppressed and repressed by the higher castes. The Sudras were very ill-treated, and they were not allowed to come to the public places. Even their shadows were considered profane by the higher caste people. Inter-dining and inter-mixing with the lower castes were not allowed. Thus, the system was solely based on the exploitation of the lower castes.
Against the Concept of Democracy-The caste system was totally contrary to the democratic spirit. Democracy offers human equality, but the caste system believed in inequality and there was a hierarchical arrange ment wherein the Brahmins were at the top, and the Sudras were at the lowest rung of the ladder.
Hamper in the National Development-Under the caste system, only a few got the scope to control the national life and the others were engaged in serving the higher castes. In the national interest, all the sections of the society must contribute to the social welfare, but the downtrodden sections did not have any voice in national development and advancement.
Provides the Base for Religious Conversion-The dominance of Brahminism became into lerable on the part of the Sudras who were the most neglected people in the Hindu society. They were easily allured by the ideology and philosophy of Islam and Christianity.
Hampered the Ability and Aspirations of the People-In the caste system, one's status and role are fixed up from the time of birth. One's ability, personal endeavor became meaningless in order to bring about any transformation. Acceptance of one's own hereditary status became mandatory and unquestionable.
Divided the Society-The higher castes believed that they had the monopoly of wisdom. They felt that all other castes should consult them and work for them. This created a wide gap between the higher and the lower castes.
Serve the Base of Social Evil (Untouchability)-The worst aspect of the caste system was untouchability. In the name of religion, lowercaste people were thoroughly exploited in the most inhuman manner. The lower castes were placed in the category of untouchables. Their children were never allowed to be educated, and they were compelled to take unclean occupation.
Provided Lower Status to Women-In the caste system, the women were utterly neglected. They enjoyed a very conservative and traditional type of status. They were denied the privilege of higher education. They could not voice their opinion in public affairs. Sometimes the lower caste women were sexually harassed by the higher caste males, but they could not protest against them due to the prevailing social pattern.

Q.2.3 Modernization and its impact on health and disease

Modernization describes a process in which societies relying on traditional patterns of subsistence, with long-established and usually kin-based social structures, are transformed by interaction with market-oriented industrial societies. Modernization is broadly associated with an increase in the risk of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. Anthropological research over the past 40 years has focused on unraveling the factors associated with that risk.

The country changes in terms of its values and beliefs, moving from traditional beliefs to more scientific and secular beliefs.
It changes in its geography, with its population becoming more and more urban.
It changes economically, moving from subsistence farming to an economy in which the country makes its money producing goods and services.

Causes of Modernization

The major cause of modernization is the advancement in science and technology:

Advancement in science-When a country is pre-modern, its people generally do not believe in science. They hold traditional beliefs that life is affected by supernatural forces. With the growth of science, people came to believe that life is affected by forces that are understandable via science. For example, they came to believe that disease is caused by microorganisms, not by demons.
Advancement in technology-Science helps people to develop technology. Technology also improves life, giving things to people for entertainment, to improve the health of the people, and many other beneficial innovations. These things lead our society to become more modernized.

Positive Impacts of Modernization

Enhanced medical facilities-The immediate impact of modernization is felt on the general health of the population. Due to the presence of hospitals and qualified doctors, medical help is away at an arm's length for the people. Surgery and medicines available at the local hospital can treat patients suffering from varieties of diseases.
Smart cities-Modernization is responsible for creating smart cities wherein close circuit TV cameras are installed at every road intersection to monitor the traffic. They house educational institutions of higher learning that impart rational and scientific thinking. Students graduating from universities and colleges participate in research and business to improve the quality of life and the health of the people.
Quality of communication-Modernization has played an important role in the invention of the internet. People can communicate with each other through smartphones and tablets. They are not only able to access the website and gain information about the distant countries, but also can gain knowledge related to their health and disease condition. Aviation technology has led to an increase in air travel with tourists flying from one continent to another and made many countries medical hubs, where people come to take treatment of different diseases. Due to the advancement of communication, telemedicine is possible that is helping many people to consult doctors while sitting at their homes.
Comfortable life-It is more convenient to live in a world where people have access to many material goods to make their lives more comfortable and have more fun.
Ample of opportunities-Modernization also helps people who are oppressed in traditional society. Modernization allows women to have more opportunities. It also helps to liberate oppressed minority groups.

Negative impacts Modernization

Pollution-Clearing of the forest has resulted in the loss of trees that in turn increased the pollution level of the environment. Moreover, The setting up of manufacturing industries has worsened the problem.
Deforestation-Increased urbanization has led to the cutting of trees and forests resulting in the disappearance of the greenery. Wild animals are losing their habitats due to modernization as they attack humans encroaching into their areas.
Change in culture-Increased modernization has led to the creation of new technologies that go a long way in changing the socio- economic structure of the society. New ideas lead to a novel outlook on life, however, they are opposed by the traditionalists leading to conflict in the society.
Income disparity-Modernization has led to a huge gap between incomes of the people. As a result, a certain section of the population is agitated with the economic policy of the governments leading to a rise in crime and the political movements.
Break up of family system-Modernization breaks up the social ties that bound people together in traditional societies. It makes people no longer feel as connected to one another.

Various modern lifestyle habits that have a negative influence on health are as follow-

Unhealthy diet-Diet is the most crucial factor in lifestyle and has a direct relation with health. The way people eat has also changed. Earlier, the diet used to include a lot of vegetables and fruits that gave nutritional value. With the fast-paced modern lifestyle, the diet has also become fast. In a competitive world, people have no time to cook meals or sit and eat slowly.
Lack of physical fitness or exercise-Along with poor eating habits, lack of physical fitness is a significant problem in modern lifestyle. According to the study of WHO, 60- 85% of the worldwide population does not engage in enough physical activity.
Lack of sleep-Many aspects of the modern lifestyle like television, computer screens, longer commutes, and competition have contributed to sleep deprivation. For a healthy lifestyle, a person requires a minimum of 7 h of good sleep. Lack of sleep can also lead to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and many psychological problems.
Technology addiction-Modern technology brings certain advantages to people and makes things better, such as fast communication and ease of traveling. Machines are used for everyday chores like cooking, washing, cleaning, thereby reducing the need for physical work and over a while, making people dependent on it. Computers and the internet are a standard part of every household. Modern technology can bring us luxury, but the problem starts when it becomes an addiction like excessive use of cell phones. Smartphones have become an essential part of every person's life, but it can be a blessing or a curse.
Substance abuse-The modern-day addiction to alcohol, nicotine, and many more carcino- genic substances has become a pursuit of pleasure. The easy availability of temptations along with constant stress results in an unprecedented epidemic of addiction, depre- ssion, anxiety, and chronic diseases.

Q.2. 4 Social mobility

Social mobility-

Social mobility describes the movement or opportunities for movement among different social groups, and the advantages and disadvantages that go with this in terms of income, security of employment, opportunities for advancement etc. over a period of time.
Some sociologists tried to define social mobility as-

Bogardes- "Any change in social designation is social mobility.“
Fichter- "Social mobility is the movement of a person, group or category from one social position or style to another."
Miller & Wook -“Social mobility is the movement of individual or groups from one social class stratum to another is called social mobility.”
P. Soroken-By social mobility is meant any transition of an individual from one position to another in any social group.”

Types of Social Mobility

Horizontal social mobility
Vertical social mobility
Inter-generational mobility
Intra-generational mobility
Occupational Mobility

1. Horizontal Social Mobility-Horizontal mobility refers to switching of one position to another without change in any social status or level. A change from left to right or right to left.

For example: when a lecturer is transferred from one government college to another with the same grade or pay scale and as a teacher is horizontal mobility.

2. Vertical Social Mobility-Vertical mobility refers to the change in status of an individual as moves up or down the social hierarchy.

For example: the manager of the department who is promoted to general manager has achieved upward vertical mobility. The promotion is accompanied by an increase in income and overall responsibility.

On the other hand, the major league, baseball player who is sent back to the minor leagues has suffered downward vertical mobility.

3. Intergenerational Social Mobility- Intergenerational mobility refers to social mobility that takes place between generations.

For example: When the daughter of a taxicab driver earns a college education and goes on to become a successful medical doctor, intergenerational mobility has occurred.

Downward intergenerational mobility may take place as in the case of a taxicab driver whose father is a physician.

4. Intra-generational Social Mobility-Intra-generational mobility refers to a change or changes in the social status of an individual or group of individuals within the same generation.

For example: Suppose that five children are born into one family of rather moderate means. After high school, four of the children enter the job market at medium-low levels, while the fifth child works part-time while attending college. After college graduation, the fifth child enters a major corporation at a rather high level, and after three years, the one is promoted to a top managerial position. While he/she has attained upward vertical mobility, his/her brothers and sisters have remained at the same socioeconomic level.

4. Territorial Social Mobility -Territorial social mobility is the change in locality, territory or resistance when an individual move from one place to another place is called territorial mobility. The trend of territorial mobility is common in urban areas as compare to rural. In urban areas people change one house and get another on rent, while rural people are mostly unwilling to migrate to city and change their residence.

5.Occupational Mobility-Occupational mobility means change from one occupation to another. Different occupations are hierarchically arranged and these occupations get different economic rewards and enjoy different power, prestige, and privileges based on the economic returns, authority, and prestige.

Factors Favourable of social Mobility
Following are the factors favorable to social mobility

Education.
Urbanization.
Industrialization.
Transportation and communication .
Dissatisfaction from previous condition.
Migration.
Skills and training.
Motivation.
Economic prosperity.
Modernization.
Occupational prestige

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three). 3x2=6

Define social disorganization.

Disorganization

Disorganization means breaking or dismantling or dispersing of the social system, social institutions and social Relationships
It increases when there is no general agreement and individuals define theimportant interests of the society in purely individualistic terms.
When there is a change in the equilibrium of forces or a breakdown of the social structure.

Defination

According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “ Social Disorganization implies some breakdown in cultural contact, some disturbance in the equilibrium among the various aspects of the cultural pattern”.
According to Elliot and Francis, “Social Disorganization is the process by which the relationship between the members of a group are broken or dissolved’’

Q. 2 Characteristic of social group.

Characteristics of social group

Reciprocal relationships.
Sense of unity and feeling of sympathy towards each other.
We- feeling-Members defend their interests collectively.
Common interests and ideals.
Similar behavior-for achieving the common goals and interests.
Group norms-Every group has it’s own set of rules and norms.

Q.3 .3 Elements of culture.

Elements of culture include our norms, languages, rituals, holidays, food and diet, art, and architecture.

Norms-Every culture has its own norms
Languages-Most cultures are brought together by a common language and way of speaking.
Festivals-Cultures often celebrate their uniqueness and identities through festivals.
Rituals And Ceremonies-Cultural rituals and ceremonies are similar to festivals but often have a more solemn and commemorative element.
Holidays-Some cultures have very important holidays where everyone decides not to work for the day.
Pastimes-All cultures have their own unique pastimes.
Food-Many cultures develop their own tastes for particular foods and diets.
Architecture-When traveling the world, you can see different architectural influences in different countries.
Religions-While religion and culture are different concepts, they also overlap a lot.
Values-Many cultures coalesce around a certain set of values.
Taboos-Cultural taboos are things that are considered shocking or shameful within a culture.
Sports-Sports help us come together as a culture
Clothing And Outfits-The clothes we wear might seem normal within our culture but strange or even ‘dress-ups’ in another culture.
Music-Unique music tastes and preferences become dominant in some cultures
Social Hierarchy-Different cultures have their own ways of organizing society into hierarchies.
Symbols-Traditional symbols of cultural groups include the flag of a culture as well as elements like national birds or flowers.
Dance-Cultures also develop their own dance preferences.
Art-Even the artistic preferences of cultures can differ.

Q.3. 4 Social norms.

Difinition of Social norms

According to Young & Mack-Norms refer to the group shared expectation.
Social norms are the unspoken rules that govern how people interact with each other. They can vary from culture to culture, and even from group to group within a culture.

Characteristics of Social Norms-

Social Norms are Universal
Norms incorporate Value Judgments
Norms are Relative
Degree of Importance of Social Norms
Internalization of Social Norms

Functions of Social Norms-

A society without norms cannot survive
Behavior is highly influenced and controlled by norms
Establishment of social order
Permitting Cohesion
A certain amount of self-control is achieved

Section-B (Appiled Psychology)

1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one): 1x10=10

Define Intelligence. Describe the classification of intelligence with appropriate example.

Intelligence- Intelligence came from Latin word intelligere "to understand”.
Definitions

“Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to think rationally, to act purposefully and to deal effectively with the environment” (Wechsler-1994)
“Intelligence is the ability to master the knowledge and skills needed to succeed with in a particular culture” (Lolurto-1991)

Types of intelligence

Intelligence is divided into three kinds.

Concrete intelligence/ Mechanical-This type of intelligence is applicable for using machines, tools and instruments. Ex. Mechanics, engineers are concrete intelligent.
Social or emotional intelligence-It is the ability to understand social situations and act wisely in human relationship. socially intelligent people know the art of winning friends and influence them. Ex. Leaders, ministers, salesmen, and diplomats are socially intelligent.
Abstract or general intelligence-It is the ability to respond to words, numbers and letters etc. this type of intelligence is required from study of books literature. Ex. Teachers, lawyers, doctors and philosophers.

Classification of intelligence

The theory of fluid vs. crystallized intelligence was first proposed by psychologist Raymond Cattel.
Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence are two types of intelligence that influence your ability to function effectively in your daily life.

1. Fluid Intelligence
Cattell defined fluid intelligence as "the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those

Relationships.
Fluid intelligence examples include
Coming up with problem-solving strategies
Interpreting statistics
Philosophical reasoning
Solving puzzles or abstract problems

Fluid intelligence tends to decline during late adulthood. Certain cognitive skills associated with fluid intelligence also tend to decline as people reach later adulthood.

2. Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences. In other words, it's all of the facts, figures, and other accumulated knowledge that you've acquired over the course of your life.
Crystallized intelligence examples include-

Memorizing text
Memorizing vocabulary
Recalling how to do something
Remembering dates and locations

Multiple Intelligences(Howard Gardner)
This is the conclusion reached by Harvard University neuropsychologist and educator Howard Gardner in his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
Eight types of intelligence
The research carried out identifies the existence of areas in the human brain that correspond to certain spaces of knowledge, all of which are distinct and relatively independent of each other. Here are the eight types of intelligence explained one by one.

1. Logical-mathematical intelligence

Their problem-solving ability is very striking and is often related to a type of non-verbal intelligence, i.e. they can know the answer to a certain problem long before they verbalize it.
Children with this type of intelligence are good at solving mysteries or brain teasers, doing puzzles, logic exercises, counting or doing calculations, computer problems and playing strategy games.

2. Linguistic intelligence

Children with this type of intelligence are skilled and have preferences for activities such as reading, talking, telling stories and jokes, writing poems, learning languages and playing word games.

3. Spatial Intelligence

This type of intelligence shows patterns that prove the kid’s capacity to think in three dimensions. People who develop spatial intelligence are good at solving spatial problems such as drawing and painting, reading maps, looking at pictures, solving mazes, or playing construction games.

4. Musical Intelligence

It is typical of children with an innate ability to learn different sounds, which translates into a great ability to sing, listen to music, play instruments, compose songs, enjoy concerts and follow different rhythms.

5. Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence

It is the ability to use the whole body in the expression of ideas and feelings, and the facility in the use of the hands to transform elements.
Children who show kinesthetic intelligence are good at dancing, acting, imitating gestures or expressions, playing sports, running, moving and jumping.

6.Intrapersonal Intelligence

Among the eight types of intelligence, this is the one that distinguishes those who know themselves best. These children like to work independently, set goals and focus on achieving them, understand their feelings and know their strengths and weaknesses.

7. Interpersonal Intelligence

As opposed to intrapersonal intelligence, it is common among kids that are good at talking, working in teams, helping others, mediating conflicts and meeting new people.

8. Naturalistic intelligence

Related to the attraction towards environmental issues, plants and animals. People with this kind of intelligence enjoy doing activities such as camping, hiking, caring for animals, learning about nature, recycling and caring for the environment.

Sternberg's Triarchic

Psychologist Robert Sternberg (1985) has constructed three types of intelligence of intelligence.

1. Analytical Intelligence

It is academic ability which enables to solve problems and to acquire new knowledge. Problem-solving skill include encoding information, combining and comparing pieces of information and generating a solution.

2. Creative Intelligence

It is defined by the abilities to cope with new situations and to profit from experience. The ability to quickly relate new situations to familiar situations (that is, to perceive similarities and differences) fosters adaptation.

3. Practical Intelligence

Person with this intelligence also known as 'street smarts. It enable people to adapt to the demands of their temible pent. For example, keeping a job by adapting one's behavior to the employer's requirements is adaptive. But if the employer is making unreasonable demands, reshaping the environment (by changing the employer's attitudes) or selecting an alternate environment (by finding a more suitable job) is also adaptive.

Q.1- 2 Discuss Defense mechanism with example.

Introduction

Sigmund Freud in 1904 used this term “defence mechanism” to refer to the unconscious process that defends or protects a person against anxiety, shame, loss of self esteem, conflict or unacceptable feelings.
According to Freud, when Id is in serious conflict with ego and superego, the individual suffer from tension or anxiety.
Defence mechanism enables a person to resolve conflict and reduce the stress and anxiety.
Usually all defence mechanisms are operated at unconscious level.

Definition-

Defence mechanism is a pattern of adjustment through which an individual relieves anxiety caused by an uncomfortable situation that threaten self-esteem.

Classification of Defence Mechanism

These defence mechanisms are classified according to its results

A. Positive defence mechanism

B. Negative defence mechanism

A. Positive defence mechanism-

Compensation
Substitution
Sublimation
Rationalization
Repression
Undoing
Identification
Transference
Intellectualization
Introjection

B. Negative Defence Mechanism

Suppression
Displacement
Projection
Regression
Fixation
Fantasy
Reaction formation
Conversion
Dissociation
Denial

A. Positive defence mechanism-

1. Compensation- Compensation is a pattern by which tension or anxiety relieved by an individual make up for personal weakness.

Eg.

A student who fails in his studies may compensate by becoming the college champion in atheletics.
a plain girl, who cannot compete with her more beautiful sisters, may compensate by studying hard and come 1^st in her class.

2. Substitution-It is a mechanism by which tension or anxiety reduced by replacing the unachievable goal with achievable goal.

Eg.

A student who has not been able to get admission to the MBBS course may try to substitute it with a course of physiotherapy or nursing.
A person aspire to become a national level cricket player and not selected. He may substitue this goal by being a coach at college level.

3. Sublimation- It is a mechanism that causes channelization of socially unacceptable desires into acceptable form.

In this mechanism primitive impulses are transferred or directed to a socially useful goal. Eg.

A teenage boy with strong competitive and aggressive feelings becomes a football player.
A young man who has lost his lover may turn to write poetry about love.

4. Rationalization- It is a defence mechanism in which an individual justifies his failures and socially unacceptable feelings and behaviors by making excuses or formulate logical reasons / socially approved reasons.

A husband does not enjoy the company of wife outside the the home and usually leave his wife at home. He gives logic that his wife is social shy.
A girl fails to get admission for the nursing course may point out a number of difficulties of nursing profession.
A person without a vehicle says that he does not want to risk his life by driving.

5. Repression- Repression is a process of unconscious forgetfulness of our unpleasant experiences.

Repression is the involuntary bloking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness.

Eg.

A man is jealous of his good friend’s success but is unaware of his feeling of jealousy.

6. Undoing- Undoing is the act symbolically cancelling or reversing out a previous act which is unaccetable.

A daughter shout at her father as there is no petrol in the car and is getting late for office, brings a favourite film for her father to watch. This is an example of undoing her behavior of shouting and then bringing a film.

7. Identification-

Through this process, an individual attempts to increase self worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an another individual one admires.
It plays a large part in the development of personality.
In this individual feels personal satisfaction in the success and achievement of other group or person.

Eg-

The young son of a famous civil rights worker adopts his father’s attitudes and behavior with the intent of pursuing similar aspirations. An illiterate father often takes his son’s higher education as his own achievement.

8. Transference- In transference, the image of one person is unconsciously identified with that of another.

A patient who is fond of his daughter finds the nurse of the same age and height as his daughter. So he transfer his positive emotions to the nurse as his daughter. It is also possible that if he dislikes his daughter he transfers his negative emotions to the nurse by being rude, abusive, or aggressive without any cause.

9. Intellectualization- Intellectualization is an attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning and analysis.

A young professor receives a letter from his fiancee breaking off their engagement. He shows no emotion when discussing this with his best friend. Instead he analyzes his fiancee’s behavior and tries to reason why the relationship failed

10. Introjection- In introjection the values and characteristics of significant persons are incorporated in one’s personality.

A women who likes to live in a simple way introjects in her the sophisticated way, of living likes her husband.

B. Negative Defence Mechanism-Some defence mechanisms have negative impact over relations or development of person.

1. Suppression- Suppression is the voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness to avoid discomfort and anxiety.

Student consciously decides not to think about her insult in examinations hall so that he can study effectively.
A patient may refuse to consider his difficulties by saying that he does not want to talk about it.

2. Displacement- In this defence mechanism an unconsciously emotional feeling is transferred to person or object who are less dangerous than those who initially aroused the emotion.

An individual who is using displacement is unaware of this at that time, but later he can realize it. Eg

A person who is angry with his boss but cannot show it for fear of losing the job may fight with his wife on return from the office.

3. Projection- Placing blame for own difficulties upon others. Here, others are seen as responsible for own mistakes.

One’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts are expressed as they are due to others.

A surgeon who did mistake in operation may insist that it happened because theatre nurse and ward boy did their task badly.
A businessperson who values punctuality is late for a meeting and states , “sorry I’m late. My assistant forgot to remind me of the time.

4. Regression- Regression means an immature way of responding to a stress or go backwards.

In this the adult revert back to an earlier developmental level in order to deal with reality. An individual does less mature form of behavior when faced with difficulties, where he finds less conflict hence less anxiety.

Nurse makes an error in giving medication and starts crying.
A person who is depressed may withdraw to his or her room, curl up in a fetal position on the bed.

5. Fixation- Fixation refers to the point in the individual’s development at which certain aspects of the emotional development do not advance.

Thumb sucking continuously till adult age.
An unmarried, middle aged man still depends on his mother to provide his basic needs.

6. Fantacy- Fantacy is used to gratify frustrated desires by imaginary achievements and wishful thinking.

The tendency of day dreaming is most common during adolescence.

A young boy who could not help his ailing father due to shortage of money, day dreams that he has got lot of money from lottery ticket and his father, mother and family members has best of the facilities for everything.

7. Reaction formation- In this defence mechanism the unacceptable real feelings are repressed and acceptable opposite feelings are expressed.

It is defined as unconscious transformation of unacceptable impulse into exactly opposite attitudes, impulse, feelings or behaviors.

Eg-

Women who actually dislike her mother in law hide her feelings by being always nice to her.

8. Conversion- In this pattern of defence mechanism strong emotional conflicts which are not expressed are converted into physical symptoms.

It has two benefit for person- a.It resolves the conflict b.It brings him a great deal of attention and sympathy.

A student nurse, who is very anxious about her examination, may develop a headach.

9. Dissociation-Dissociation is involuntary suppression of a mental function from rest of personality in a manner that allows expression of forbidden unconscious impulse without having any sense of responsibility for actions.

Partial amnesia.

10. Denial- Any individual refuses to face the reality.

It protect the individual from shock of reality.
Person unconsciously use this mechanism and this reaction is for sometime.
Denial is quite harmless if practiced in moderation but can lead to serious difficulties in health and life style if practiced in excess.

When some very near and dear one die in the family. Some people say no, he is still alive.

2. Short notes (Attempt any three): 3x5=15

Body mind relationship.

Body Mind Relationship/Integrated Responses

Psychology studies the relationship between body and mind.
They act on or influence each other.
Body and mind cannot act independently both are inseparable from each other. - known as the integrated response or body-mind relationship.
“A healthy mind exists in a healthy body and vice versa.”

Body and its functions

Body composed of head, trunk and extremities.
It is having number of organs and organ system like sensory, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, skeletal etc, with specific functions.

Normal functioning of our mind

The functioning of our mind in a normal way is usually carried out at the conscious level. It involves three mental processes; Cognitive- Thinking/Knowing
Affective- Feeling/Emotions
Conative- Activity/willing/striving

Action of Mind upon Body

All physical and motor activities begin by the motivation in the mind
Negative emotions like fear, anger and jealousy produce illness. They make us depressed.
Emotional conflicts lie at the root of peptic ulcers, coronary heart diseases, blood pressure and neurosis
Deep thinking(abstract thinking, reasoning) and concentration can cause physical fatigue

Action of Body upon Mind

Malfunctioning of sensory organs leads to poor perception and learning.
Rise in blood pressure leads to mental excitement
Fatigue retards intellectual activity
Sudden emotion causes mental imbalance
Malfunctioning of digestive system such as constipation, indigestion makes people irritable, gloomy etc.
Malfunctioning of endocrine organs affect mental functioning ( Hyperthyroidism leads to excitement and hypothyroidism causes lethargy)
Bad throat and septic tonsils can reduce concentration

Q.2 Classical conditioning.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904, becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate.
He observed and recorded information about dogs and their digestive process.
As part of his work, he began to study what triggers dogs to salivate.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
It had a major influence on behaviorism which is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment.

Classical ConditioningExperiment

As stated above, Pavlov restricted his experimental studies to the process of secretion of saliva in dogs.
Food in the mouth of the organism produces the saliva. When we put food in the mouth of the dog, the dog salivates.
This is a natural response. Here the food is termed as ‘unconditioned stimuli and the salivation by the dog as ‘unconditioned response’.
The stimulus of food is called unconditioned because it means that the response depends upon no special condition.
Unconditioned responses are unlearned and imply no pre condition.
During his experimentation on dogs, Pavlov introduced the sound of a bell as a natural stimulus or conditioned stimulus.
The bell, for example, was sounded at the time when food was presented to the dog or just before. Thus, the sound of the bell was paired with presentation of the food a few times.
The dog was found to salivate in response to the sound of the bell.
The response which was learned was called by Pavlov as ‘conditioned reflex’ or ‘conditioned response’.

Components of ClassicalConditioning

The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) -A stimulus that naturally, and automatically triggers a response.
The Unconditioned Response(UCR)-The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
The Conditioned Stimulus(CS)-A previously neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response.
The Conditioned Response(CR)-Learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

Principles of Classical Conditioning

The theory generally refers to acquiring of new behavior via association with various stimuli. By associating the subject with stimulus subject, outputs new responses and learns a behavior.
Based on how the learning method works, there are five general principles in Classical Conditioning-

Acquisition-The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.
Extinction-The process in which a conditioned response decreases or disappears.
Spontaneous Recovery-The return of a conditioned response after a period without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Generalization-When a learned response occurs to similar stimuli.
Discrimination-The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli

Educational Implications of Classical Conditioning theory:

Pavlov brought a revolution in the field of psychology.
He explained learning in terms of physiological changes by adopting an objective method of study.
Conditioning was accepted as theoretical framework and practical technique of solving a variety of applied problems.
According to Pavlov, all learning is conditioning or de conditioning. The motor driver stops his vehicle at red light and starts at green light. This is not his natural response.
He had to become conditioned so that he might put the brakes upon his vehicle as soon as he saw the red signal, without any prior thought. He knows that the failure to do this is sure to be followed by punishment. The child also learns things in this way. As soon as the teacher steps into the classroom, the child has to stand up. Such conditioning is a must in learning.
Classical conditioning does not have direct application to classroom learning. But the principles of classical conditioning can be such as cleanliness, respect for elders, punctuality etc. Similarly, it can be used for de- conditioning anxiety and fear in the maladjusted children. Classical conditioning can be used to develop a favourable or unfavourable attitude on the part of the learner towards learning, the teacher and the school.
The theory believed that one must be able to practice and master a task effectively before embarking on another one. This means that a student needs to be able to respond to a particular stimulus (information) before he/she can be associated with a new one.
Teachers should know how to motivate their students to learn. They should be versatile with various strategies that can enhance effective participation of the students in the teaching- learning activities.
Most of the emotional responses can be learned through classical conditioning. A negative or positive response comes through the stimulus being paired with.

Q.3 Methods to improve memory

Our memory is a skill, and just like other skills, it can be improved with practice and healthy overall habits. You can start small. For example, pick a new challenging activity to learn, incorporate a few minutes of exercise into your day, maintain a sleep schedule, and eat a few more green vegetables, fish, and nuts.

Focus your attention on the materials you are studying. -Attention is major components of memory. Actively attend to info for moving from short-term memory into long-term memory. Study in a place free of distractions.
Avoid cramming by establishing regular study sessions-Studying materials over a number of session gives time needed to adequately process the information . Students who study regularly remember the material far better than those who do all of their studying in one marathon session.
Structure and organize the information you are studying-Information is organized in memory in related clusters.Hence organizing the materials you are studying helps . Try grouping similar concepts and terms together, or make an outline of your notes and textbook readings to help group related concepts.
Utilize mnemonic devices to remember information-Mnemonic devices are a technique often used by students to aid in recall. A mnemonic is simply a way to remember information. The best mnemonics are those that utilize positive imagery, humor, or novelty.
Elaborate and rehearse the information you are studying-Encode what you are studying into long-term memory. One of the most effective encoding techniques is known as elaborative rehearsal. E.g. study the definition of that term and then read a more detailed description of what that term means. After repeating this process a few times, you'll probably notice that recalling the information is much easier.
Relate new information to things you already know-When you are studying unfamiliar material, take the time to think about how this information relates to things that you already know. By establishing relationships between new ideas and previously existing memories, you can dramatically increase the likelihood of recalling the recently learned information.
Visualize concepts to improve memory and recall- Many people benefit greatly from visualizing the information they study. Pay attention to the photographs, charts, and other graphics in your textbooks. If you do not have visual cues to help, try creating your own. Draw charts or figures in the margins of your notes or use highlighters or pens in different colors to group related ideas in your written study materials.
Teach new concepts to another person-Reading materials out loud significantly improves memory of the material. Educators and psychologists have also discovered that having students actually teach new concepts to others enhances understanding and recall. Hence teach new concepts and information to a friend or study partner.
Pay extra attention to difficult information-Have you ever noticed how it's sometimes easier to remember information at the beginning or end of a chapter? Researchers have found that the order of information can play a role in recall, which is known as the serial position effect. While recalling middle information can be difficult, you can overcome this problem by spending extra time rehearsing this information. Another strategy is to try restructuring what you have learned so it will be easier to remember. When you come across an especially difficult concept, devote some extra time to memorizing the information.
Vary your study routine-Another great way to increase your recall is to occasionally change your study routine. If you are accustomed to studying in one specific location, try moving to a different spot during your next study session. If you study in the evening, try spending a few minutes each morning reviewing the information you studied the previous night. By adding an element of novelty to your study sessions, you can increase the effectiveness of your efforts and significantly improve your long-term recall.
Get Some Sleep -

Researchers have long known that sleep is important for memory and learning.
Some recent research has shown that taking a nap after you learn something new can actually help you learn faster and remember better.
One study actually found that sleeping after learning something new actually leads to physical changes in the brain.
Sleep deprived mice experienced less dendtritic growth following a learning task than well-rested mice. So the next time you are struggling to learn new information, consider getting a good night's sleep after you study.

Q.4 Significance of psychology in nursing.

Introduction

Understanding the psychology of a patient, a nurse will be able to communicate better with them in term of inquiring about their pain as well as psychological trauma if any.
This is because of increasing emphasis being laid out on the interplay of body, mind and spirit on the health status of every individual.

Significance of psychology in Nursing

The learning of psychology helps a nurse in following ways-

To understand her own self.
To understand patient.
To Recognize abnormal behaviour.
To understand other people.
To provide quality care to patient.
Help patient adjust to the situation.
Helps the students nurse to the necessity for changing the environment or surroundings.
Help for effective studying.
Readjustment.

1. To understand her own self-

Help the nurse to get an insight into her own motives, desires, emotions, feelings, attitudes, personal characteristics and ambitions to solve her own problems.
Helps her to understand her strengths and weakness.
It will develop good personality characteristics to carry on her responsibilities, to perform her duties effectively and efficiently.
Enabling her to control situations and attain self-discipline.

2. To understand patient-

Help the nurse to understand the problems and needs of patients and attend to them.
He/she can understand the motives, attitudes, perception and personality characteristics of patients in a better way.
Help the patient to attain quick relief and cure.

3.To recognize abnormal behavior-

The knowledge of psychology will help nurses to understand abnormal behaviour of patients in a better way.
Helps the patient in recognising and managing of mental illness.
It provides appropriate guidance to deal with stress, anxiety and other life problems.

4.To understand other people-

With the scientific knowledge of human nature, he/she will understand the things better to live with other doctors, patients of their family members.
Helps to achieve great success in interpersonal relationship.
Able to differentiate his/her likes and dislikes, interests, abilities or in their reaction to others.
Helps to realise how difference in behaviour, are due to differences in customs and cultural pattern of the group.

5. To provide quality care to patient-

A nurse with good knowledge of human psychology can understand patient inner feeling (like fear/anxiety, patient’s feelings, behaviours, etc.,).
It helps the nurse to anticipate & meet requirements of the patients and his relatives.
Thus, help patients and relatives adjust to the unavoidable circ*mstances in the best possible way.

6. Help patients adjust to the situation-

Illness and physical handicaps often bring about the need for major Adjustments.
Many diseases (like heart disease & cancer, etc) requires special coping skill & health care.
A nurse trained in psychology can be an effective health educator and helps in these kinds of adjustment.

7. Helps the students nurse to the necessity for changing the environment or surroundings-

Good nursing care depends upon the ability of a nurse to understand the situations properly and also obtaining the cooperation of other people concerned.
The change of environment is sometime necessary for better adjustment and happiness.

8. Help for Effective Studying-

A Nurse has to learn many new things during her training.
He/She has to obtain the correct knowledge of various facts, disease conditions and their treatment.
The study of psychology of learning will help the nurse acquire knowledge in an effective way.

9. Readjustment-

Every profession & carrier requires readjustment.
A nurse needs to make the following adjustment for achieving success in his/her carrier-

Overcoming homesickness and self-reliance is needed if he/she has to live smoothly in a hostel or a hospital.
Adjusting to sick persons, who may cry or be desperate or even ventilate their anger by making the nurse a target of their abuses and cures.
Trying to work and study together.

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three) 3x2=6

Define attitude.

An attitude is a negative or positive evaluation of an object which influence human’s behaviour towards that object –MICHEAL HOGG
An attitude is a learned predisposition to respond In a favorable or unfavorable manner toward people, an object, an idea or a situation- MARTIN FISHBEIN
Attitude is a general enduring positive or negative feeling about some person, object or situation.-Petty and Cacioppo
Attitude is primarily a way of being set towards or against certain things.-Murphy & Murphy

Q. 2 Types of stress.

Stress, from a biological perspective, is defined as a reaction to change or a process of responding to any kind of perceived threa.

Types of Stress
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), stress can be classified into three different types based on its characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatment approaches.

Acute stress-This is the most common type of stress and is usually caused by imagining or thinking about the pressures of past events or upcoming demands in the future.
Episodic acute stress-This type of stress occurs when an individual gets regular bouts of acute stress.
Chronic stress -This type of stress occurs when someone feels trapped in a bad situation.

Q.3 Interpersonal skills.

Interpersonal skills are the set of skills we use to interact and communicate with others.
We demonstrate interpersonal skills whenever we engage with people around us, and they determine our ability to build relationships and work with others.
Interpersonal skills are critical to getting along with others and having meaningful connections; they determine the quality of every human relationship we have.

lnterpersonal skills to add to your resume

Communication
Negotiation
Listening
Positive attitude
Empathy
Adaptability
Reliability
Conflict resolution
Leadership
Relationship building

Q.4 Types of soft skills.

Soft skills refer to a cluster of personal qualities, habits, attitudes and social graces that make someone a good employee and compatible to work with.
Soft skills influence how we interact with others.

Types

Soft skills supplements hard skills to increase an individual's relationships, job performance, and career growth.

1. Visual Communication Skills

Visual communication skills refer to one's ability to communicate through the symbols and signals received by eyes.

2. Aural Skills-Aural skills emphasize on the development of a sensory hearing function as a vital component in communication. It is also known as ear training.

3. Communication Skills-Communication skills form the corner stone of soft skill. These are also known as oral skills.

Q. 5 Types of attention

Types of Attention

Attention is the first process for beginning the other cognitive process.

Sustained attention-It is the ability to focus on one specific task for long time without being distracted. For example, Listening a lecture, reading a book, playing a video.
Selective attention-It is the ability to focus on only one aspect of environment while ignoring other aspects. For example, in a loud party focusing attention on one person's voice.
Alternating attention-It is the ability to focus back and forth between tasks that require different cognitive demands. For example, when reading a recipe for making dessert and the performing task to prepare that recipe.
Divided attention-It is the ability to process or to focus on two or more different tasks simultaneously.

RUHS BSc Nursing APPLIED SOCIOLOGY & APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY I Semester Supp Examination June - 2024 (2024)

RUHS BSc Nursing APPLIED SOCIOLOGY & APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY I Semester Supp Examination June - 2024